The En Dash: Usage, Differences, and When to Use It in Writing

The en dash (–) is a punctuation mark that often confuses writers who are more familiar with the common comma, period and hyphen. Although it’s not as widely discussed as its counterparts, the “N” dash plays a crucial role in clear and precise writing. It’s distinct from the hyphen and em dash, but many writers aren’t sure when to use it.

In this guide, we’ll explore what the en dash is, when it should be used, and how it differs from other punctuation marks.

What Is the En Dash?

The en dash (–) is a punctuation mark that is longer than the hyphen (-) but shorter than the em dash (—). Its name comes from its approximate width, which is the same as the letter “N” in most typefaces. While the en dash isn’t as common as other punctuation marks, it plays a unique and important role in writing.

When to Use the En Dash

Unlike the hyphen and em dash, the “N” dash is used for specific functions in writing. Here are the main ways it’s used:

1. To Indicate a Range of Values (Numbers, Dates, Time)

One of the most common uses of the en dash is to show a range between two values. This could include numbers, dates or time. The “N” dash replaces the word “to” in these situations:

• Example: The meeting is scheduled for 10:00 AM–2:00 PM.
• Example: The event will run from January 5–10.
• Example: The store is open Monday–Friday.

The en dash is especially useful for ensuring clarity and brevity when indicating a range, making the text more readable.

2. To Indicate Connections or Relationships Between Words

The en dash can also be used to indicate a connection or relationship between two things, especially when one or both elements are made up of more than one word. This use often appears in compound adjectives or compound nouns.

• Example: The New York–London flight is the fastest.
• Example: The post–World War II era was a time of great change.
• Example: The North–South divide has been a source of tension.

In these examples, the “N” dash is used to connect two ideas, such as two cities, two time periods, or two regions.

3. To Indicate a Conflict or Contrast

The en dash is also used to indicate a contrast or conflict between two ideas or terms. This is common in discussions of opposing sides or conflicting forces.

• Example: The debate between nature–nurture is ongoing in psychological research.
• Example: There was a strong east–west divide during the Cold War.

In these cases, the en dash signifies the opposing nature of the two concepts.

The “N” Dash vs. Other Dashes: Key Differences

Understanding the en dash’s function can be confusing when comparing it to the hyphen and em dash. Here’s how they differ:

1. En Dash vs. Hyphen (-)

• The hyphen is shorter than the en dash and is used to connect words and parts of words. It’s typically used in compound adjectives (e.g., well-known, full-time) or to break words at the end of a line.
• The en dash (–) is used to represent a range or connection between two related concepts, as explained above.

Examples:

• Hyphen: She has a full-time job.
• En Dash: The office is open Monday–Friday.

2. En Dash vs. Em Dash (—)

• The em dash (—) is longer than the “N” dash and is primarily used to set off information or create a strong interruption in a sentence. It’s a more dramatic punctuation mark.
• The en dash (–) is typically used to indicate a range or relationship between words, while the “M” dash is used to create emphasis or break up a sentence.

Examples:

• Em Dash: He had a great idea—but it was too late.
• En Dash: The office is open from 9:00 AM–5:00 PM.

When Not to Use the “N” Dash

While the en dash is a versatile punctuation mark, it’s important not to overuse it. Here are some situations where this particular dash should not be used:

1. Replacing a Hyphen in Compound Words: If the two words are part of a compound adjective, use a hyphen, not an en dash.
   • Incorrect: She wore a well–designed dress.
   • Correct: She wore a well-designed dress.
2. In Simple Lists: Use commas or conjunctions for simple lists of items, not “N” dashes.
   • Incorrect: I like apples–bananas–grapes.
   • Correct: I like apples, bananas, and grapes.
3. For Emphasis or Interruptions: For emphasis or interruptions, use an em dash, not an en dash.
   • Incorrect: She made a decision–it was final.
   • Correct: She made a decision—it was final.

The En Dash in Different Style Guides

Different style guides have slightly different rules regarding the use of the en dash. For example, the Chicago Manual of Style and Oxford Style Manual strongly recommend using the en dash to indicate ranges and relationships.

In contrast, the Associated Press (AP) Style tends to avoid the en dash, preferring the word “to” for ranges and simpler constructions. Always check the style guide you’re following to ensure consistency in your writing.

Conclusion

The en dash may seem like a small and obscure punctuation mark, but it plays an important role in creating clarity and precision in writing. Whether you’re using it to indicate a range of numbers, dates, or time, or connecting related concepts, the “N” dash can improve the readability of your writing.

Understanding how and when to use the en dash—and how it differs from the hyphen and “M” dash—will make your writing more professional and easier to understand. Next time you need to indicate a range or show a relationship between words, remember the en dash—it’s a simple but powerful punctuation mark that can enhance your writing.

Written by ChatGPT